Techno‐economic analysis of PV–wind–diesel–battery hybrid power systems for industrial towns under different climates in Spain

This study aimed to provide a techno-economic analysis of hybrid energy systems, including wind turbines, photovoltaic systems (PV) panels, diesel generators, and batteries, for selected cities in five different climate zones Spain meet the load requirements industrial towns. Homer software was used determine most efficient configuration supplying average sector, with value 1500 kWh/day peak 114.58 kW, residential 150 27.85 kW. Optimization is carried out minimize evaluation parameters net present cost (NPC) (COE). According outputs, it appears that system utilizes variety renewable energies. The priority use all components, wind–PV–diesel–battery has performed best cities. A Coruña, Bilbao, Ponferrada, Almería, Barcelona, Salamanca, Seville, Zaragoza, Madrid, respectively, NPC values 1.39, 1.67, 1.76, 1.92, 2.23, 2.29, 2.39, 2.55, 2.61 M$ COE 0.199, 0.24, 0.252, 0.276, 0.32, 0.329, 0.343, 0.366, 0.374 $/kWh have economic efficiency from highest lowest. Reducing pollution production one key reasons approaching technologies. In this regard, Coruña lowest carbon emissions among cities, 25,190, 95.5% its renewable. On other hand, which uses 89% energy, dioxide 59,242. provides insight into conditions necessary establishing such zones, can serve as road map places country.